The Impact of Globalization in Malaysia

Many regions of the world have felt the impact of globalization in one way or another especially in the twenty first century. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Globalization in Malaysia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Globalization can be defined as the process of or a set of global forces which encompasses a significant organization and reorganization of the various social relationships and engagements, and can be assessed in terms of their intensity, extents, rate of spread, and the resultant impact, which in turn lead to intercontinental or interregional connectivity, interrelationships, and the general power dispensation (Held 16). Globalization has been associated to a greater extent with western culture, especially that of the United States of America. It is one of the most significant forces that have played a central role in modeling the socio-economic orientation of several countries durin g the late 1970s and the past earlier years of the 21st century. It is acknowledged that despite the fact that the globalization process has hastened the rate of economic growth in third world countries, its forces have also contributed to a number of challenges. These include; non-uniform rate of economic growth, lack of taking into consideration the aspect of equality, as well as the likelihood of creating socio-political turmoil in these countries. Most states in the larger Asian continent like Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, China, Japan, and Thailand have not been an exception when it comes to the influence of globalization. This essay, therefore, seeks to discuss the effects of globalization in Malaysia. It will focus on the impact of globalization on its economy, education, culture, and politics. Malaysia, a Muslim country, is one of the fastest growing economies in Asia and the world at large. It is an island country found in the South-East Asia and is composed of thirteen different states, including three Federal Territories. The country occupies a surface area of about 329,845 square kilometers making it the 66th largest country and the 43rd world’s most populated country with the population standing at 28 million according to the 2008 National Population and Housing Census (Held 18). Malaysia got independence from the British in 1957 through negotiation rather than bloodshed like is common for most states which were under different colonials like the French, British, Germany, and Portuguese. However, during the earlier years of post-colonialism era, Malaysia witnessed armed conflicts with the neighboring Indonesia in 1964-65. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It was after this period that Malaysia, with Singapore having been expelled from the then Malaysian Union, started to redefine its course. Towards the end of the twentieth cent ury, Malaysia witnessed a significant economic boom and soon it recorded a rapid rate of development during the last two decades of the 20th century. There is the Strait of Malacca which forms a very significant international shipping bay and hence facilitating international trade which is central to Malaysia’s economic growth. Moreover, manufacturing and industry sector constitute major pillars for the national economy (Rasiah 13). The country has diverse plant and animal distribution over its vast geographical orientation making it one of the world’s greatest tourist destinations. The effects of globalization, just like in other parts of the world, have been felt significantly in Malaysia. As mentioned earlier, the late 1990s saw Malaysia’s economy shift from over-reliance on agricultural production to a more industry and manufacturing-based economy especially in fields such as the use of computer technology and other consumer electronics all through the wake of the twenty first century (Hoogvelt 3). The concept of globalization has received different interpretations in Malaysia ranging from scholars, contemporary writers, to political leaders (Hoogvelt 5). Most writers have resorted to offering critical analyses of the seemingly unstoppable forces of globalization, especially the authors engaged in post-structuralism period. These accounts try to offer alternative ways of looking at globalization in general and how the states of the world can benefit from this phenomenon. Malaysia, like other countries of the world, has not resisted the globalization process in its totality (Stiglitz 3). Instead, it has derived a way of engaging the looming forces of globalization from the west. In most instances, this country has been very selective when it comes to embracing the ideas brought about by the globalization process (Nesadurai 71). The emerging concept of modernity has been assimilated into the Malaysian state in a highly sophisticated wa y. This approach has helped in significantly redefining Malaysia’s autonomy in relation to the globalization process. Malaysia has positioned itself as a fierce critic of some western ideologies, specifically those of the United States of America. It has not been hesitant in making outright proclamations as well as political opinions and these characteristics have helped position Malaysia as a formidable force in the Asian continent (Nesadurai 73). Malaysia has modeled itself as a good case of how states can withstand the otherwise unstoppable impact of the globalization process. It is a role model of how countries can selectively maneuver the concept of global capitalism in the name of globalization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Globalization in Malaysia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With an attempt to understand the effect of globalization on Malaysian economy, many Malay scholars h ave tried to explore the opportunities as well as the challenges that this global process can bring about. The perception of these scholars concerning globalization is significantly optimistic. They believe that there are practices that are being propagated by the western countries, especially the United States, which are worth emulating rather than looking down upon them (Stiglitz 4). The spirit of equality in America has inculcated the same sense in the Malaysians and they champion the need for mutual respect, specifically between the Malays and the non-Malays. They argue that people should feel for one another in the sense that if something is good, then it should be good for everyone else just the same way as something bad will affect everyone. The negative attitude that the Malaysians have towards the colonialists is strongly reprimanded by the scholars. They say that nursing the colonialism memories will only serve to worsen the relationship with the outside world instead of promoting mutual cooperation (Stiglitz 7). The scholars urge the people of Malaysia to look at the western communities as development partners instead of perceiving them as potential enemies. One scholar emphasizes the fact that globalization is a force that is shaping the entire world in modern times (Stiglitz 17). As a rapidly developing country, Malaysians are encouraged to play a central role in the global arena if they are to attain sustainable development status. The globalization process, the scholar notes, received a major blow in 2001 during the September 11 terrorists’ attacks on America coupled with the global financial crisis of 2007. But the most defining moment in Malaysian international relationship came during the wake of the 1997 Asian financial crisis (Stiglitz 26). It took stringent measures in reaction to this unprecedented economic downward trend. Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, the longest serving Prime Minister, was in charge during the crisis and he played a m ajor role in criticizing the west for what was perceived as negative impacts of the globalization process (Mahathir, 2000, 4). The precautionary measures recommended by Muhathir won him a number of admirers as well as opponents. The opponents argued that the proposed market approaches were crude and also, they criticized Malaysia’s ‘lack of concern’ for human rights (Mauzy 210). Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More His admirers, on the other hand, singled out Mahathir’s independent-mindedness, anti-colonialist pronouncements, and the proposal of alternative approaches of dealing with economic upheavals as a sure way of dealing with such global economic and political realities (Rahman 23). It was the successful management of the crisis by Mahathir using the autonomy of national policy that was seen as the greatest challenge to the conventional economic dictatorship of liberalization brought about by the perceived forces of globalization (Nesadurai 87). Mahathir’s approaches did not only win him national support but also regional backing. As opposed to popular beliefs that Malaysia under the reign of Mahathir condemned globalization in its totality, it is crucial to note that over the last two decades of the 20th century, Malaysia welcomed, developed and promoted what it perceived as good aspects globalization (Rahman 28). The negative impact of the globalization process in 1997 was vocally criticized by Malaysia and marked it as a ‘betrayal’ by the western economies through the forces of the global market. The analysts of the global economic phenomena regard globalization as a new force to be reckoned as far as world market relationship is concerned. This process has a historical account and the analysts have concluded that there is a notable qualitative improvement in the successive instances (Held 23). With time, there has been increased influence by the American hegemony, division of labor on the international scale, and the introduction of stringent systems of economic policies. Initially, these regulatory influences were through the Bretton Woods system and in modern times via the World Trade Organization (WTO), coupled with the upcoming neo-liberal world market (Hoogvelt 37). Neo-liberal system is characterized by the continued growth and critical import of financial capital facilitated by technological forces as well as political infl uence (Helleiner 12). The ever increasing transfer of financial capital, especially the speed of its mobility and the volume transacted, has resulted in grave consequences to the various national economies including that of Malaysia. In particular, most national economies have been rendered redundant and taken hostage to this new capital mobility and general world order marked by the dramatic globalization process. From a comparative perspective, the neo-liberal experience has been felt in smaller economies like Singapore and Malaysia as well as for developed economies, United States of America and France alike (Helleiner 17). This is due to the fact that the stock trading determines the recovery rate after a drastic fall in financial markets. It can be universally accepted that globalization is not a universal concept; instead, it is multi-dimensional especially in the Malaysian context. Different people in Malaysia have varying perceptions of this concept. Some Malaysians associa te it with the infiltration of foreign multinationals, new brands and ways of life, while others belief that it is development of technological applications like the internet, the ever increasing number of non-governmental organizations and the great influence of global market trends on Malaysia (Held 29). These forces are believed to have shaped the capital and labor order in the country and hence influencing the daily lives of the people. The initial engagement of Malaysia with global economy can be traced to the time when it ventured in the export-led strategy of growth in 1969. It was followed by heated debates concerning the stand of the Malays in the midst of the looming ‘socio-cultural mindset revolution’ (Rahman 34). This era witnessed the introduction of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Group and the increasing Malaysian involvement with the United Nations. In 1981, the year when Dr. Mahathir took over as the P rime Minister, Malaysia’s internationalization became more pronounced through the introduction of new policies. Mahathir brought with him new policies and other reform measures which were geared towards the adoption of neo-liberalized market trend (Mahathir, 1991, 2. Most state-owned utilities were privatized; drastic cuts in both the direct and corporate taxes were witnessed, as well as reduced expenditure by the Malaysian government (Mahathir, 1991, 7). This enthusiastic process was seen as a new dawn for Malaysian development. The need for economic stability was reinforced by the declaration of clear economic development objectives which were aimed at revolutionizing the industrial, agriculture, and services sectors. The challenge was to ensure that Malaysia’s economy became competitive as to be able to take on the forces of the world market. As a result of these efforts, a rapidly growing economy was witnessed, with annual growth rates ranging between 8% and 9%. Furthermore, Malaysia experienced a growing foreign investment over a period of five years from 1985. During the early years of 1990s, the economy continued to expand significantly, resulting in increased rate of globalization and the regulations controlling capital and labor were subsequently liberalized (Mahathir, 1991, 13). Within five years, the major factor that engineered Malaysian economic growth was the foreign capital from investors (Mahathir, 1996, 4). This upward economic trend, as mentioned earlier, was to receive a major blow in the 1997 Asian financial crisis. The unique leadership style adopted by Dr. Mahathir was not without disapproval from western allies. This was due to Malaysia’s government decision to ‘Look East’ in its effort to keep control of the country’s economic stability. However, the Malaysian persistent search for economic autonomy did not diminish the strong ties with the west especially the United States of America whose in vestments in the county’s semiconductor industry remained strong (Helleiner 32). Despite the globalization process influencing the Malaysian economic sector significantly, it also affected the socio-cultural dimension as well. There was a social and cultural shake up when globalization was taking root as Malaysia sought alternative approaches of attaining sustainable development (Rosenberger 222). A number of writers in the larger Asia identified this period as the ‘Asian renaissance’ (Ibrahim 2). Another important area which has been influenced by the globalization process is education. With Malaysia expecting to be an industrialized state by 2020, vocational education and training has received increased attention especially from the government and private sector (Mahathir, 1996, 8). This is driven by the motive of having a well educated, skilled and efficient human resource especially in this highly technological economy which is based on a country’s kno w-how. The broadband interconnectivity has enable Malaysia to connect with the developed countries, thanks to the Multimedia Super Corridor. This urgent need for education reform in technical-vocational systems has been triggered by the globalization process (Held 31). On the political dimension, globalization was not without some degree of influence on the politics of Malaysia and other Asian states. In 1987, there was a serious global attack of Malaysian and Singaporean treatment of social and political agitators. The outside world questioned their way of regarding human rights (Mauzy 223). These criticisms, however, received criticism of equal magnitude from the Malaysian Prime Minister who referred to them as interfering with sovereign states’ affairs in the name of human rights. He termed this approach as neo-colonialism (Mahathir, 1991, 15). Dr. Mahathir was especially angered by the double standards approach employed by the Americans as far as human rights was concer ned (Mahathir, 1991, 18). The heated criticisms and counter-criticisms, however, seemed not to affect the ever increasing Malaysian relationship with the west, especially on foreign policy development. This can be attributed to the mutual benefit that each party enjoyed from the engagement (Rasiah 16). Moreover, the Malaysian political dimension was seriously shaken by the 1997 Asian financial crisis which, according to Mahathir, was a product of the globalization process (Mahathir, 2000, 2). It was unfortunate that during this year, there ensued a political crisis which resultant in the sacking of the then deputy prime minister, Anwar Ibrahim, who was arrested and later imprisoned. Besides some Malays’ need for a generational change, the crisis was triggered by ideological clash concerning the globalization process and how to effectively respond to it. The Prime Minister saw his deputy as an agent of the western economies who were determined to force their misleading polic ies and regulations in the name of globalization (Mahathir, 2000, 5). He noted that Anwar’s and his supporters’ call for eradication of corruption in the country were very similar to the neo-liberal objectives of International Monetary Fund (IMF) and those of the World Bank in the name of advocating for good governance. These experiences positioned Mahathir as an architect of the globalization process in Malaysia who new what was good or bad for the country. The Prime Minister warned his fellow countrymen of the dangers of blindly embracing globalization. He said that the ‘new’ process was a scheme by the west to rule and dominate the developing and poor countries through their neo-liberal policies. Mahathir noted that the objective this time round would not be to exploit local labor; instead, it is to continually exploit the resources in the poor countries and render them stagnant in the underdeveloped state. The end result of such exploitation, accordi ng to him, would be the presence of multi-billion banks and corporations which would curtail the growth of local ones. Dr. Mahathir defined globalization as the process of westernization and the unchecked, unmonitored absorption of western business ideologies and standards, as well as political arrangements all over the world (Mahathir, 2000, 4) The essay has attempted to provide a comprehensive analysis of the impact of globalization on Malaysia. It has offered a working definition for the controversial concept of globalization within the Malaysian context. Furthermore, the essay has elaborated the impact of the process on Malaysian economy, education system, culture, and the political dimension. We can conclude that, besides the scholars and writers, the longest serving Prime Minister of Malaysia, Dr, Mahathir played a great role in shaping and determining the magnitude of the impact of globalization on Malaysia. This was through his seemingly unconventional approaches of handli ng economic crises which in most cases were criticized by the western economies. In fact, his alternative approaches of engaging globalization received approval from most states of the Asian continent (Machado 638). The forces of globalization, especially through technological advancement, are still being felt worldwide even as we start the second decade of the twenty first century. Works Cited Ibrahim, A. The Dawn of Asian Renaissance. Times Book International. 1996, 2-23. Held, D. Globalization and Transformations (4th ed.). Stanford: Stanford University Press. 2008, 12-32. Helleiner, E. Countries and the Reintroduction of Global Finance. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 1994, 4-37. Hoogvelt, A. Globalization: A Post-colonial Perspective. Basingstoke: Macmillan. 1997, 3-67. Machado, K. ‘Malaysia and its Cultural Relationships in the 1980s: Look East’. Asian Survey. 1992, 27(6): 637-62. Mahathir, M. The Hidden Agenda. Kuala Lumpur: Lim Kokwing Integrated. 2000, 1-27. Mahathir, M. The Meaning of Globalization. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Business Council. 1996, 1-14. Mahathir, M. Defining Malaysia’s Destiny. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Business Council. 1991, 1-19. Mauzy, D. ‘The Human Rights: Malaysian Perspective’. Pacific Review. 1997, 10(3): 209-35. Nesadurai, H. ‘Understanding National Economic Autonomy? Malaysia’s Adjustment During the Financial Crisis’, The Pacific Review. 2000, 14(2): 71-110. Rahman, S. A. The Malaysian Mental Revolution. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbitan Utusan Melayu. 1971, 23-45. Rasiah, R. Industrialization in Malaysia: A Focus on Foreign Capital. London: Macmillan Plc. 1995, 13-48. Rosenberger, L. R. ‘Malaysia’s Currency Crisis: An Analysis’, Contemporary Southeast Asia. 1997, 19(2): 221-52. Stiglitz, J. The Globalization Process and Its Disgruntlements. London: Allen Lane. 2002, 3-34. This essay on The Impact of Globalization in Malaysia was written and submitted by user DonaldBlake to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Language Arts Warm-Ups for Classroom Engagement

Language Arts Warm-Ups for Classroom Engagement Just as a physical workout needs a solid warm-up for peak performance, warm-up exercises at the start of any class prime students to begin learning. Language arts warm-ups focus on grammar and composition with quick activities to encourage the creative flow. Grab your students attention by engaging them with a stimulating task related to the days lesson. You can introduce it on the whiteboard or with a hard copy placed on everyones desk, but make sure they can get started immediately upon their arrival. Language arts warm-ups can review previously covered material or provide a preview of information to come. They should be quick, fun and designed for student success, such as the examples here. Identifying Adverb Clauses Adverbs modify other words, often verbs but also adjectives and other adverbs, by answering when, where and how. Adverbs may come in dependent clauses, or groups of words, making them a bit harder to identify. Welcome your language arts students to class by asking them to identify the adverb clauses in some recognizable proverbial sayings.   Finding Indirect Objects Indirect objects receive or benefit from the action of a verb, but they dont always jump out of a sentence the way direct objects do. Exercises in finding indirect objects get students thinking beyond the easy answers, so warming up with an activity based on indirect objects should make their brains more limber and ready to receive new information. Uncovering Verbals Verbs sometimes stand in as other parts of speech. Collectively called verbals, verbs in use as participles, gerunds, and infinitives may be part of a  phrase that includes related modifiers, objects, and complements. Task students with identifying these undercover verbs and revealing their actual identities for a fun way to engage your grammar sleuths. Practicing With Participles and Participial Phrases Building on the identification of verbals, an activity designed to further highlight the role of participles and participial phrases - when verbs become adjectives - sparks recognition that things may not always be as they seem. This useful concept for many language arts topics also translates to most other academic subjects as well. Differentiating Independent and Dependent Clauses A first glance, independent and dependent clauses appear the same. Both contain subjects and verbs, but only independent clauses can stand alone as a sentence. Start class with this exercise to remind students that rote answers rarely work in language arts and encourage them to use their critical thinking skills. Distinguishing Complete Sentences From Sentence Fragments Complete sentences can contain only one word, while sentence fragments may run on for several lines of text. Get students in the mood for grammar with a fun exercise challenging them to turn fragments into full sentences with the addition of a predicate. This activity promotes the development of complete thoughts. Remedying Run-On Sentences Run-on sentences result from missing conjunctions or punctuation. Starting class with an exercise in correcting run-on sentences prompts students to pay attention to the details. This makes a good opener for lessons on composition and creative writing.

Access to health care in France Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Access to health care in France - Research Paper Example The government through the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Social Security and several other government agencies manage the insurance scheme; it is a combination of a national insurance recognized and managed by the state and financed by the employer and employee tax contributions. The employees are affiliated from three insurance schemes but all members of the population are covered systematically (Latry et al., 2010, p. 743), prompting the World Health Organization to recognize the French healthcare system as the world’s best in year 2000. The French healthcare system has been effective in providing the necessary healthcare for most of its citizens but the health services provided by the system need review and limitations so that the costs could be covered by government funds. The French health care system is known as the General Scheme which provides the Social Security, and is a mix of universal ideals and the French cultural values of â€Å"solidarity and fairness† (Roth, 2010, p. 330). It is a public-private collaboration of hospital and ambulatory care, reinforced by higher resources of care and services. The General Scheme encompassed other areas of health, such as the health insurance component. The latest step of this system was the Universal Medical Coverage (Couverture mà ©dicale universelle: CMU) which took effect in 2000. The current health insurance scheme encompasses about 80% of the French population, including illegal immigrants. Also covered are the individuals from special groups, like miners, seamen, and railroad laborers, who protested for additional benefits a few years back (Roth, 2010, p. 330). The history of the French healthcare system goes all the way back to 1945 with the creation of the Social Security System, Securite Sociale, whose power and responsibilities encompassed management of funds for medical care, including retirement

Hitler's Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hitler's Germany - Essay Example This essay will assess whether Hitler’s ability to appeal to the German people was the source of his power or whether his personality traits and psychological abnormalities were more significant. Hitler’s ability to appeal to the German people lay in his skills at oratory. With his words, Hitler was able to mould public opinion in his favour. As a member of the lower class strata, Hitler had the added advantage of winning over the masses who felt themselves wronged by the German authorities. He claimed himself to be one of them which created an aura of trust and respect for the man who had risen from amongst the lower class. His style appealed greatly to the working class of Germany who felt understood by this leader. Hitler’s speeches were outspoken which helped create an image of courage and bravado to his personality. The Germans needed someone to blame for their disastrous defeat and this was provided to them by Hitler. Hitler’s singular appeal through his skills as an orator also lay in the message he conveyed. He was able to define a scapegoat upon which the German people could vent their wrath for the shame they felt at their defeat in the First World War and the terms of the Versailles Treaty – namely, the Jews. Waite contends that the Fuhrer was himself a man who suffered from deep rooted feelings of inferiority and guilt; he felt that Hitler could have been suffering from a fear that his own blood was impure and that his sexuality was warped. This led him to try and over compensate by directing those feelings outwards on to other elements of society – the Jews and Communists (Mitchell, 1973:41). His views were derived from H.S. Chamberlian whose interpretation of history stated that of the three major strains that comprised mankind, two of them had been Aryan, namely the Greeks and the Aryans who created culture, while the third strain, i.e., the Semetic one, was culture destroying.

Theory of Constraints Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Theory of Constraints - Assignment Example h a difference of four minutes, it means that the first customer to be served will leave when the last customer is left with 24 minutes to leave because the total time that is being lost before the servers finish with their last customer in the first round of 12 is 24 minutes. And suppose there is an increment in the number of servers then there will be decrease in time lost with increase in the number of customers served which is directly proportional to increase in general income of the process(Jacobs, Chase & Lummus, 2011). If the average cost per meal is 10$ then it means that in the first 50 minutes the process shall have generated 120$ and in the first 1 hour it shall have generated 144$. For a better understanding of that calculation the figures are tabulated as shown bellow Increment in the number of customers can comfortably accommodate by increment in the number of employees by a positive figure of one and at the same time the current employees must adjust their level of performance for the general success of the process(Jacobs, Chase & Lummus,

HRM Training And Development Programs

HRM Training And Development Programs In order to link the workforce activities to the strategy of an organization strategy, Human Resource Management is the best way. HRM is frequently referred as Strategic HRM. The main driving force of an organisation is resources. There are usually two types of resources which are considered in the organization that can be tangible or intangible. Finance, companys place, employees etc are the tangible resources while intangible resources include goodwill or repute of an organization, capabilities of an employee. As for a organization both types of resources are very important but considerable edge over the other resources is gone to human resource or workforce. it is independent resource while the other resources are dependent . As the human being every one has different talent and capabilities from others so the employees in any organization are different from each other in this regard.(Mathis, Jackson:2007) HRM has several goals: To fulfil the requirements of the business and management There should be a link of human resource strategies / policies towards the business objectives. To find different methods for human resources to add value to an organization. To help a business get the loyalty of employees to its morals, goals and objectives. In simple words the HRM is defined as employing, maintaining and compensation the people in time with the job and organizational need. Human Resource Management is a managerial function which usually concerned with hiring, motivation and maintaining people. Its main focus in any organization is people. (Stredwick, 2005) Intangible resources are very important to an organization as they contribute much more than the tangible resources to total value of the asset of an organization (Grant, 2005) To get the competitive advantage over its competitors training and Development of employees is a strategic tool that an organisation uses. In general education is mind preparation while training is the systematic development of the knowledge ,skill capabilities and attitude needed by an employee to fulfil the requirement of the job and development is the growth of the employees in the sense of their understanding and awareness of the job performed by them. I never teach my pupils; I only attempt to provide the conditions in which they can learn (Albert Einstein, 1879 1955) Learning without thought is labour lost. Thought without learning is intellectual death (Confucius) By giving proper and effective training and development and keeping the focuses on the desired outcomes is a key function of the human resource management. Any organization that has Innovation and having a competitive advantage over competitors, it is only possible with the help of capable employees supported by strong information and understanding about their field of interest. Of course during the training and development program, cost and time investment is critically important for the smoothly running of operations during the way of the project. (Holt: 1993). According to Baldwin et al ,1994 reported that it is an experienced by small and medium firms that if they have skilled labour it is one of the most important factors contributing to their growth. In order to be successful in a global market, an encouraged, stimulated, happy and skilled labour which a small firm needs that can generate at low costs. Importance of Human Resource: Flexibility and adaptability is fundamental for the human resource to own. As the circumstances changes with the passage of time, so the management program of their training and development for the development of employees should take this feature into concern as well. According to Dransfield, 2000 human resource management is very important and mainly it is due to the capabilities and skill of the people and best utilisation of resources by the organisation in the way they want to. People/ Workforce as a key Resource of any organization: The most important activities in any organization are workforce planning. People are the most important key factor of any organization. TO build up a team of expert, skilled and specialised individuals is also a key function of the human resource management. It starts with the analysis of the strategic position of any organization. The desired outcome of this analysis is then feed into a forecasted demand and supply of the labour for the organization. At the end of this analysis the establishment and execution of a human resource plan which man aim is to force plan how Strategy feeds? (Vernez: 2002) How a workforce demand forecast? In order to get an accurate forecast of the workforce size there should be proper planning to put the human resource together. Main key factors are; There should be a demand between existing and new products or services What part of an organization is disposed off or what product closure. Introduction and implementation of new technology There should be cost reduction programmes. Any merger, Acquisition, joint venture, partnership. (Vernez : 2007) How a workforce Supply forecast? The main point for the estimation of supply is the existing workforce. So it is possible of any organization to make a forecast of the workforce size and ultimately this can be compared with the strategic needs of any organization, which results is workforce gap (thats mean a forecast of too few or too many employees). The main role of the HRM is to fulfil this gap. (Vernez: 2007) TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT AS SOURCE OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE: Knowledge capital through training and development as a source of competitive advantage but how any organization can get it? Knowledge Capital: Know how that comes from information, learning, skills and experiences of the people of any organization. It is the most important point of the human resource capital. The ability to learn faster than your competitors may be the only sustainable competitive advantage (Arie de Geus: 2002) Competitive Advantages: Knowledge worker productivity is (The) only real competitive advantage in a global Economy (Drucker: 2007) A Competitive advantage is an advantage of an organization over its competitors which it gets by offering customers big value , either by giving them higher services or benefits or by lower prices that justifies. Every Organization derives competitive advantage through training and development. In any organization there is a greater stability, elasticity and ability for growth. At least two years training contributes towards the employees stability. Employees become more efficient and effectively participate towards the growth of the organization. The employees become more versatile in operation by training and they can be transferred to any type of job. So there is surety of flexibility as well and growth will bring prosperity which will affect the yearly profit of the organization. However by training the accidents damages and scrap of the equipment can be avoided or can be minimised. If the employees are well trained by the organization the complaints absenteeism can be reduced. (Wilson, John: 1999) Example: Apple is a multinational organization that designs and markets electronics, computer software, ipod, iphone, laptops etc. Training programs of APPLE: The training programmes of the apple have an aim to facilitate their employees to build up their skills and abilities. 1. Educator has Professional development: Apple offers a broad range of professional growth workshops. In order to produce and bring out digital content for their classes they are intended to give faculty talent and self-confidence. They engage media assignment as to generate creativity and there is teams collaborating in and out of class. Each workshop is lead by ex- educators and is fully adapted for their establishment. (AppleS DVD Studio Prio web site: www.apple.com/dvdstudiopro) 2. IT has Professional Services: With your IT Department for a planning of implementation of new technology the apple professional team participate. Even team can handle those proposals over time. (AppleS DVD Studio Prio web site: www.apple.com/dvdstudiopro) 3. iLife, iWork and pro application certifications: In order to prove their abilities and expertise at creating digital content such as movies, music presentation and much more , the students and educators are awarded by associate -level certification in iLife or iWork. (AppleS DVD Studio Prio web site: www.apple.com/dvdstudiopro 4. Programmes like Mac OS X, Mac OS X Server and service certifications: To avoid the troubleshoot Mac OS X or to implement a Mac OS X. Server based system, apple does offer training and certification Courses and programmes. It offers an update version of iPhone development training course that includes full coverage of iPad development. Another 5 days course is conducted for the introduction of iPhone and iPad development.The two other courses are in the queue ANSIC Programming Objective -C for beginners. The trainer choose their classes what they need and these classes are taught by two well -known and highly regarded iPhone developers Jonathan Lehr, founder of About Objects, and Aaron Morse, developer of numerous hit iPhone apps including TapDefense, and Trenches. (AppleS DVD Studio Prio web site: www.apple.com/dvdstudiopro) Challenges faced by HRM: There are few challenges which are facing by HRM: 1. Globalization: As there is no right or wrong way to run any organization, many organizations have taken initiative to improve HRM in their own organizations. Success of any organization depends on the organizations strengths and weaknesses. Globalization is a biggest challenge for HRM because of the change in technology every day. (Shermon, 2004) 2. Cost and Investment: As the training given by the organization, the organization should spent time and money on it. And sometimes after training the employees do not stay within the organization this is the biggest challenge faced by the organization and every organization should allocate its specific budget for the training and development of the employees. But when the organization obtained the outcomes according to the needs and requirements than this cost and time worth it. The expense on the training of the employees will be a recurring advantage for the enterprise for a long time to come which will be in the form of increased efficiency of the employees (Singla , 2000) 3. Keeping Pace with Rapidly Changing Technology: As in the era of globalization, with the passage of time Technology is also changing rapidly which has become a severe problem for the human resource management to cope with. In order to be update with the market, the training and development program should be updated according to the need of time and market condition. (Haines: 1999) 4. Uncertainty: Future is uncertain so the market situation is always unpredictable and to keep the employees up-to-date with the current market situation, it needs a complete study of the current business situation. 5. Retention of the employees: The Big problem faced by an organization is to retain their personnel after their training and development programmes. The competitors always try to take their assets of the organization. (McKeown, 2002) 6. Product Life Cycle: As this is a new modern technology era and due to globalisation the changes occurs so quickly that you should need to keep your employees up to date by giving them training programmes and workshops or short courses because the life cycle of any IT related program is very short.(Stark , 2005) 7. Diversity: According to Thomas,1992 proportions of workplace diversity include, but are not limited to: age, race, ethnicity, gender, physical abilities/qualities, race, sexual orientation, educational background, geographic location, income, marital status, military experience, religious beliefs, parental status, and work experience The innovative ideas can be brought only by the diverse body of talent so the success of any organization depends on it. With the mixture of the talents any business opportunities can be attracted by an organization more rapidly and quickly in this globalisation era (Cox, 1993), which must be the most important organizational objectives. Differentiation: Core benefits are the benefits which are the expectation of the customers that they will receive it from the product. So the main thing of any organization is that what is important to the customers. Theses are the benefits which all of your competitors will offer to the customers in order to be differentiated from its competitors. (Armstrong, 2006) HR Planning Linking Corporate Strategy through Training and Development: This is a vital function of HR and if it is neglected it might put organization in financial trouble as Rothwell, 2001 said the lack of integration between human resource management and strategic business planning processes is increasingly acknowledged as a major source implementation failures So importance of the linkage strategy between corporate strategies when proper training is given with relevance to the companys corporate strategy. Each organization has a corporate goal and plan while the plans include HR objectives. So during training and development program, these objectives should be focused to the employees. Strategic Human Resource Training and Development: 1. Strategy: Human resource management can deal any aspects of the organization which will affects such as employees training, hiring development etc. Strategic HR management is a proactive management of people. Basically it improving everything from hiring to the employees training programs to techniques and discipline. 2. SWOT: There should be SWOT analysis during the training and learning process. This analysis looks at the internal organizational strengths and weaknesses and external factors which are opportunities and threats. These are most important strategic factors as to organizations future. 3. Cost Benefit analysis: During the training and development of the employees there should be some cost benefit analysis that there should be some strategies to measure the best utilization of resources and lower the cost for up scale attributes. With the new product development it always entails significant costs. These are not only sunk but also fixed. As cost is the main concern of any managerial part. 4. Issues of the people: For the achievement of the organizational goals, the people, practises are all purposeful. The issues between people can be resolved b giving them proper training and development. Building Innovation Potential: Knowledge creates knowledge and while it is in the process it brings competitive advantage which leads to innovation. According to Dan Remenyi, 2001 said creativity is typically considered as the basis for innovation, and innovation as the successful implementation of creative ideas within an organization The ability to think about of any new idea is called Creativity. This includes the ability to basically it an ability to rethink an old idea and innovation is a process to put that ideas into process. (Bundy, Miles: 2002) For the survival innovations are must for the organizations. Any organization to prove itself in the marketing must bring some innovation and creativity in its business Example of Innovation and Creativity: Apples finished goods are not only differentiated by excellence but they are innovative and cutting edge. Consistent investment in RD creates innovation. The company is excellent in order processing and delivery. Creativity Innovation and Design Apple Apple, Inc Innovative Products are iPod Nano, iPod Touch, iPhone, iPod Shuffle. Any successful organization must incorporate all three in order to get the competitive advantage. When one company makes creativity than it will lead to the innovation of the other organization new iPhone Design: Any initial idea is creativity while design comes through this idea. While through information that developed the product or service is design and creativity is just n idea to put into process. Innovation also brings competition in the market. Recommendation: It is highly recommended that training and development programme is an integral part of human resource management roles and responsibilities. There should be some activities which are highly recommended. Training Learning Courses Workshops Certification Highly demand development courses Planning should be according to the needs and demand of any organization. There should be set up budget for training and development of the employees of any organization. But in order to be up to date with the globalization changes in the market /industry training courses and workshops should be highly recommended because innovation and creativity would only be possible if the organization has up to date knowledge and trained its employees according to the demand of the customer and for the competitors as well. Conclusion: In order to get the objective and goals of any organization it is highly required by any business to have the complete and detailed process of planning and study work of its training and planning programmes. The employees should be trained by proper training and development programs in order to get the competitive advantage in the market or industry. So it is the management part or wok not to waste time and money and utilize these resources properly in order to get the desired output. As earlier discussed that innovation, creativity, sustainability and differentiation is the integral part oh human resource management. If the training level should be up to that point that could enhance the capabilities of any employees and they have the confidence to overcome any worst situation in more efficient manner. Psychological there might be pressure and financial distress but at the end training is long lasting with the satisfaction and demanding product in the market. For the longer life of any organization specially in the globalize world it would only be possible if its products and services are according to the requirements of the customers and have some competitive advantages like Apple which is only possible by the training and development programmes of the organization. So conclusively, focussed, broad and meaningful training of the employees is the main soul of any organization.

vietnam war :: essays research papers

Choices Tim O’Brien was drafted to the Vietnam War. He didn’t want to go to the war. So he went to the northern woods in the northern Minnesota. He had to make a choice whether to go to the war or not to go to the war. After spending six days with guy Elroy he decides to go. Tim O’Brien went to the war for the wrong reasons. He didn’t even think that there should be a war. He saw no reason at all why they should be fighting. He says â€Å"I was drafted to a war I hated... [I was] politically naive, but even so the American war in Vietnam seemed to me wrong. Certain blood shed for uncertain reason. â€Å"He hated this war and had so many questions about it. he says â€Å" It was my view then, and still is that you don’t make a war without knowing why.† he didn’t believe in it and didn’t know why we were fighting so why should he go to a war. He didn’t want to go to war. He wasn’t made for war. He even says , â€Å"I was no solider. I hated dirt and tents and mosquitoes. The sight of blood made me queasy.......† Now come on he didn’t even like anything to do with outdoors what good would he even do for our country. He minds well stay home and go to school. He was too young and had too much to lose. He even got a scholarship to a good school. â€Å"... I had the world dicked - Phi Beta Kappa and Summa Cum Laude and president of the student body and a full ride scholarship for grad studies at Harvard.† It must have been a mistake cause I was too young. â€Å" a month after graduating from Macalester college. I was drafted to fight a war I hated. I was twenty-one years old, young, yes.† Way too young to go to war. He was too embarrassed not to go. He was afraid to be laughed out of town. â€Å" ... and it was easy to imagine people sitting around a table down at the old Gobbler Cafe on Mainstreet, coffee cups poised, the conversation slowly zeroing in on the young O’Brien kid, how the damned sissy had taken off for Cananda.† Now think about those reasons aren’t very good for going to fight for our country.